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Commercial
Diplomacy, the Private Sector and The Public Policy Process—An
Interactive Relationship
by Geza
Feketekuty January
2002 Commercial
Diplomacy, the Private Sector and the Public
Policy Process—An Interactive Relationship Table
of Contents PART
1
FOUNDATIONS—ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS Chapter
1
Business, Government, and Interest
Groups Chapter
2
Government
Chapter
3
Business
Chapter
5
Stakeholders
PART
2
POLITICAL STRATEGIES AND STAKEHOLDER INTERESTS Chapter
6
Introduction to Political
Strategies
Chapter
7
Lobbying
Chapter
8 Coalition
Building and Collective Action
Chapter
9 Mechanisms
for Building Coalitions
Chapter
10
Molding Public Opinion
Chapter
11
Choosing Political Strategies
PART
3
STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES AND ADVICE Chapter
12
Issues and Stakeholders
Chapter
13
The Executive Branch—A Stakeholder Management Role
Chapter
14
The Legislative Branch—A Complex Stakeholder
Chapter
15
The Business Firm—The Enterprise Perspective with Advice
Chapter 16 The Business Community—The Industry Perspective
Chapter 17 Public Interest Groups as Stakeholders
PART
4
MANAGING GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN A GLOBAL Chapter
18
Globalization
Chapter
19
Managing International Business-Government Relations
Chapter
20
Ethics and Commercial Diplomacy
I Structure of the Executive Branch LIST
OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure
1.1
Conceptual Elements in
the American Business, Dedicated Interest,
and Government Sectors Figure
1.2
Field of Commercial Diplomacy Figure
2.1
Examples of Government Responsibility by National, State, and
Local Governments Figure 2.2 Congressional Committees Relevant to Business (100th Congress) Figure
2.3
Independent Establishments and Government Corporations in the
U.S. Federal Government Relevant
to Business Figure
3.1
Government Relations to Business Functions Figure
3.2
Relationship of Business Functions to Policy Issues in Commercial
Diplomacy Figure
3.3
Common Modes of Entry to Foreign Markets Figure
3.4
International Business Strategies by Cost and Local Responsiveness Figure
3.5
The Key Role of Management Figure
4.1
Business Interest Associations by Type Figure
4.2
Selected Traditional Functions Ranked from Highest to Lowest
in Occurrence Figure
4.3
Examples of Key Government-Related Activities of Associations Figure
4.4
Organizational Focus of Interest Groups in the United States Figure
5.1
Generic Stakeholders Figure
5.2
Types of Stakeholders and Management Strategy Figure
6.1
Essential Principles for Grassroots Campaigns Figure
7.1
High-Profile Lobbyists in Washington, D.C. Figure
7.2
Abilities of a Successful Lobbyist Figure
10.1
Corporate Public Affairs Activities Figure
10.2
Public Affairs Tools Figure
11.1
Differences in Political Actions Across Different Policy Types Figure
12.1
Stages of the Issue Lifecycle Figure
12.2
Principles of Crisis Management Figure
12.3
Evaluating Stakeholder Position and Activities at Each Issue
Life Cycle Stage Figure
18.1
Potential Benefits of Globalization/Potential Problems of Globalization Figure
19.1
International Organizations Figure 20.1 Is the Behavior or Its Consequence Many
books and articles have been written about the relationship of the private
sector to the public policy process, but relatively few have been written
that attempted to include a new field, that of commercial diplomacy
(CD). A short definition of CD, in order to complete the thoughts in
this preface, is an application of the tools of diplomacy to the
removal of barriers to trade and investment, and to the resolution of
policy conflicts arising from the globalization of the world economy.
A description of the combined activities of the private sector,
the public policy process, and commercial diplomacy is the subject of
this book. This manual is shorter than a typical textbook that provides
a broad, complete, and definitive review of a complex subject. A manual
is meant to provide the basic foundation or principles of a subject
without great detail, but with sufficient references to the sources
for a more complete and comprehensive study. In keeping with the intent
of a manual-type presentation, it is important to provide the reader
with an initial understanding of its composition and how it is structured
and applied. To do so, the following paragraphs address important points
about these aspects. First
and foremost, this manual is intended to be used by the reader to teach
him or her the foundations of the subject. The notes following
each chapter will direct the reader to works that provide more extensive
discussion. The
primary audience for this manual is the individual who has a good academic
background, but whose experience in commercial diplomacy is limited.
This manual provides a basis for professional entry into the field at
a working level. It does not contain the extensive training necessary
for a high-level government or business post that requires experiential
as well as academic knowledge. It does include a great deal of practical
information as illustrative material, however. This
is not to say that the manual will be of little value to the experienced
professional. It does in fact do so by providing a framework
that will fill the academic gap occurring when today’s professional
becomes adept through training on the job as opposed to a disciplined
systematic approach. This manual provides the experienced professional
with a framework with which to expand his/her structural education in
the field. The
authors of this manual are Americans and the manual therefore has an
inevitable American perspective. The authors, nevertheless, made every
effort to distill insights into the private sector/government relationship
that are applicable to stakeholders in other countries participating
in the global trading system. Thus, while the manual has an inevitable
American perspective, the authors made effort to provide insights that
are more universally applicable to nations that are active participants
in the global trading system. The
manual is written in four parts. Part 1 describes the actors and institutions
involved in the interactive activities of business, government, and
interest groups. It also introduces the stakeholder concept, a concept
that has gained a great many adherents since its early introduction
in the 1980s. Part 2 describes the means and methods that stakeholders
employ to advance their cause by implementing political strategies.
These political strategies, of which about ten are addressed in the
book, are the means and methods by which the stakeholders influence
each other, but primarily government, in order to achieve their objectives.
These strategies include lobbying, coalition building, grassroots campaigns,
and a number of others. Here, the scene shifts to the activities and
the dynamics of the subject. Part
3, deals with the treatment of issues and crises by the key actors and
institutions of business, government, and interest groups. Here, the
focal point is the issue cycle and the response that is drawn from the
institutions and individuals. In
Part 4, the discussion moves to the activities of stakeholders at the
international level. This part, therefore, completes the text by integrating
the international discussion as one subject. In all, the four parts
form a complete whole that progresses from the simplest domestic exposition
to a more complex and international one. Each
chapter will close with a very brief summary of the major points made
in the text. In this way, the reader may return to the manual later
to read only the summaries to refresh his or her memory regarding the
subjects presented. Finally,
at the end of each chapter, references to suggested readings and a list
of websites enable the reader to further expand his or her knowledge
of the subject matter. A bibliography is also included at the end of
the manual. |
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